The three traditional forms of persuasion, ethos, pathos, and logos, combine to create the foundation of persuasive rhetorical communication. Ethos is the speaker's skill, personality, and delivery that establishes their credibility or moral appeal. Pathos uses the audience's identities, emotions, and values to create a sense of connection or shared emotion. Lastly, an appeal to reason and logic through the use of structure, logic, and evidence is known as logos. Instead of working alone, these arguments are frequently most effective when combined. Knowing the values, beliefs, and expectations of an audience helps writers and speakers identify the best approaches. The authors also present the idea of the rhetorical situation, which consists of the audience, constraints, and exigencies (a problem or issue that needs attention). Understanding these elements allows rhetors to adjust their ethos, pathos, and logos appeals to better suit the audience's unique situation and conce...

P olitics Parliament is in session after the summer recess. Prime Minister Andy Burnham faced his first Prime Minister’s Questions, pressed by Conservative leader Kemi Badenoch on rising government borrowing costs and how spending plans will be paid for. Ten-year gilt yields reached a fresh 18-year high (around 5.26–5.29%), adding pressure ahead of October’s Budget. Burnham blamed the previous Conservative government’s “exposure,” said his first moves had been tax cuts (including VAT on energy bills), declined to “write the Budget” at the dispatch box, restated fiscal rules (no borrowing for day-to-day spending; debt falling as a share of GDP by the end of the parliament), and indicated defence spending could reach 3% of GDP by 2030 at the next spending review. He did not rule tax changes in or out. Sir Keir Starmer’s decision to stand down as MP for Holborn and St Pancras (announced yesterday) has formally triggered a by-election. Green Party leader Zack Polanski is widely reported a...

Former UK Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer has announced his resignation as an MP for Holborn and St Pancras. This decision triggers a upcoming by-election in his North London constituency. The news of Starmer choosing to leave parliament was first revealed in a report by the Camden New Journal.  The former prime minister told his local newspaper that he had decided to step down to focus on “international affairs” and that it was the “right time” to leave frontline politics. Starmer confirmed his decision in a statement on social media. In the statement, Starmer said he had spent the summer reflecting on his future and that he had decided to “hand the baton over to a successor”. He stated: “It’s been an honour and privilege to represent the best constituency in the country since taking over from the great Frank Dobson 11 years ago. “But it is now time to step aside and focus on other issues: international affairs including defence, security, trade and technology in a fast changing ...

The Conservative leader reshuffled her top team after James Cleverly, the former shadow housing secretary, stood down from the party’s frontbench in order to announce his campaign to stand as mayor of London. The Conservative leader is carrying out a reshuffle of her shadow cabinet before the party’s conference in October.    Among the casualties of Badenoch’s reshuffle were Mel Stride, the former shadow chancellor, and Priti Patel, who previously served as shadow foreign secretary.  Both Stride and Patel stood as candidates in the 2024 Conservative leadership contest. Patel was replaced as shadow foreign secretary by Tom Tugendhat, who also stood as a Tory leadership candidate in 2024. Tugendhat served as chair of the House of Commons foreign affairs select committee from 2017 to 2022. Stride was succeeded by Andrew Griffith as shadow chancellor. Griffith, who served as shadow business and trade secretary from 2024 to 2026, was also financial secretary to the Treasury fr...

Politics Parliament returns from summer recess. Former Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer announced he is standing down as MP for Holborn and St Pancras after 11 years. He told his local paper it is the “right time” to “pass the baton,” and he will focus on international affairs (defence, security, trade and technology) plus work on violence against women and girls. https://x.com/Keir_Starmer/status/2094750480492609634?s=20     The decision triggers a by-election in a Labour-held London seat. The Greens have indicated interest. Starmer had previously said he would remain an MP until the next general election after resigning as prime minister in July. Prime Minister Andy Burnham is due to address the Commons for the first time as PM (his first frontbench appearance there in 16 years). Reports indicate he will argue that greater public control of utilities - water, energy and transport is central to growth because the cost of everyday services is holding back household budgets and ...

  Who is Miatta Fahnbulleh? Miatta Fahnbulleh is a Labour politician, economist and former think tank leader who: Was born in 1979 in Liberia and came to the UK as a child after her family fled the Liberian civil conflict. ( Company Information Service ) Studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics at the University of Oxford and earned a PhD in Economic Development from the London School of Economics . ( GOV.UK ) Served as Chief Executive of the New Economics Foundation (NEF) between 2017 and 2023 and previously worked as Director of Policy and Research at IPPR and in the Cabinet Office. ( GOV.UK ) Was elected as the Labour MP for Peckham in the 2024 General Election. ( GOV.UK ) Served as a junior minister in the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero and later at the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government before being appointed Secretary of State for Energy Security and Net Zero by Prime Minister Andy Burnham in July 2026 . ( GOV.UK ) Political views ...

  Who is Angela Rayner? Angela Rayner is a senior Labour politician and former trade union representative who: Was born in 1980 in Stockport, Greater Manchester. Left school at 16 and worked as a care worker before becoming a UNISON trade union official. Has been the MP for Ashton-under-Lyne since 2015 . Served as Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (2020–2025) . Served as Deputy Prime Minister and Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government (2024–2025) before resigning. In July 2026 , she returned to Cabinet as Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government under Prime Minister Andy Burnham. Political views Rayner is generally regarded as being on the left of the Labour Party . She is known for: Increasing the supply of affordable and social housing. Strengthening workers' rights. Supporting devolution and greater powers for local authorities. Investing in public services and regional economic growth. Promoting social mobility and reducing...